Languages ​​Indigenous Realities

INDEX mesoamericanasInteracción Indigenous languages ​​between Spanish and languages ​​with English indígenasInteracción. Definition of 'pidgin'. Ortografía.FonologíaMorfologíaSintaxisLéxicoVocabulario not English. Modernization of these lenguasla Coast RamaBelice.LENGUAS MosquitosCayo IND? MESO-AMERICAN PEOPLES Mesoamerican Indian languages ​​spoken in an area of ​​the aboriginal New World that includes central and southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and parts of Honduras and Nicaragua. Although several centers have flourished in these areas civilization can be dated in the year 1000 BC and before the conquest of Mexico in 1519, the area of ​​Mesoamerica has a cultural history of 2500 years. In order to treat the languages ​​of the Meso-American region must establish its genetic relationships and geographical distribution. That some Mesoamerican languages ​​are treated as spoken in Mesoamerica proper but form linguistic families that are spoken there. They speak some 70 indigenous languages ​​in Mesoamerica today with 7,500,000 speakers. When the Spanish conquered Mexico in 1519 may have about 20,000,000 people in Mesoamerica. At 10 years of the conquest, the Indian population had declined by 80% as a result of war, disease, forced labor and starvation. Since then, the indigenous population had returned to a higher level, but many languages ​​have become extinct.

Mesoamerican languages ​​with a larger group of speakers in the mid-twentieth century are: Azteca 600,000 1,200,000 Yucatec Quiche, Mam Tzutujil-cakchiquei 1,200,000 400,000 450,000 Zapotec Kekchi Otomi 375,000 450,000 The study of Mesoamerican languages ​​began in the sixteenth and XVII. Some Dominican and Franciscan missionaries were devoted to the study of native languages ​​so that the priests might try to religious matters with indigenous monolingual. Wrote grammars following a Latin model orthographies applying values ​​were used in the Spanish or Latin, sometimes had to invent new letters, made dictionaries, usually vocabularies or glossaries, and translated Christian texts in indigenous languages. This collection of data served to the successors of the early missionaries. During the eighteenth century when such jobs fell and after Mexican independence in the first half of the nineteenth century Spanish clerics departed, leaving more work on indigenous languages ​​for travelers and scholars, most of these people do not I was very qualified for this task. Modern techniques for the description of languages ​​were not applied to Mesoamerican languages ​​until the Americans turned their attention to this area in 1930 and 1940.

Since then a lot of professional linguistic work has been done on these languages, especially in Mexico and Mesoamerica each language has been studied by a linguist, but time spent in the level of linguistic competence of the research has changed much. For most languages, grammatical and lexical data have been collected, many of which are unpublished, in a number of grammars and dictionaries but none of them is exhaustive or definitive. Popular Stories have been collected in a small number of languages, based on Spanish orthography have been developed for most Mesoamerican languages ​​in the twentieth century, but there are many texts written on them. In short, there is still much work to do INTERACTION BETWEEN THE SPANISH AND THE INDIAN LANGUAGES. In Central America the modern European dominant language is Spanish, speakers of all Mesoamerican Indian languages ​​include some who are bilingual: few languages ​​are spoken by people fully bilingual, most of the indigenous languages ​​are spoken by populations that can that are at least 50% of monolingual. All Mesoamerican languages ​​with a significant number of bilingual speakers have been influenced by Spanish, primarily in the areas of vocabulary, particles and word order.

Since the conquest of Spain the Mesoamerican languages ​​have been borrowing words from Spanish, and since the type of Spanish spoken has changed somewhat over the years both in vocabulary and pronunciation, we can distinguish different historical periods in the lexical borrowing. For a variety of reasons, certain function words like conjunctions or adverbs are often borrowed from Spanish, but since, until, and, or, nor, even, if, when, why, why, then. Some languages ​​have assimilated the word order of subject-verb-object. Unlike the Spanish Central America has been the recipient of vast amounts of material lexicon of local languages, primarily the Nahuati, the loan has come from names of plants, animals, artifacts, and indigenous forms that were missing in Mesoamerica and Spanish. Among the reasons Nahuati has been the predominant source is that the Aztecs were the first Mesoamerican people conquered by the Spanish, the Aztecs had been in many parts of Mesoamerica, the Aztecs recruited Spanish, particularly as guides in their military forces to assist his quest to subdue the rest of Mesoamerica, and for several decades, Azteca, written in Roman orthography used in many parts of Mesoamerica to the official records of documents, wills and census records.

Many of these words borrowed into Spanish from the Aztec have gone instead to the English as well, chile, avocado, Chiche, chocolate, peyote, coyote, tomato, ocelot, guacamole, mescal. In some parts of Mesoamerica, because of their economic and social conditions, an Indian could speak one or more Indian languages, besides his own, this is common in Guatemala, where in some areas recently colonized by speakers of more than one language or some communities people have welcomed outsiders into a distant past. INTERACTION WITH THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. DEFINITION OF THE TERM The term pidgin Pidgin applies a number of varieties of speech that have grown out of English or other languages ​​that have been used in various parts of the world since the seventeenth century. They are often called bastard jargon. In fact, these languages ​​are like any other and can be adequately defined and described. When a language is used as a means of communication between people who have no common language is a lingua franca. A lingua franca is not appropriate for any of those who are using it with a grammar and a vocabulary considerably reduced is called pidgin.

(This definition excludes both English disconnected from a person who is beginning to learn and skillful, but non-maternal use of English in such contexts such as India). When an entire community a first language speaker left and take the pidgin as their native language, pidgin becomes a creole language is `creolized '. A number of pidgins and creoles has come to contact with several European languages. The first known pidgins and frank is the language of Western medieval and lift the Barbary Coast, who were based in Italy, mainly. American Indians who were found by the British in the seventeenth century were a tribe known as the requested near the mouth of the Orinoco, the language that was reduced was called Pidgin English = (requested). Later other varieties of 'Pidgin English' grew in China as a result of British business contacts, and in Africa in connection with the activities of the slave trade (some authors derive the word pidgin with a variation of the English word `business business'). The establishment of plantation economies in the Caribbean area, with large groups of black slaves from different linguistic origins in West Africa, led to a large number of pidgins based on English, in French and Portuguese.

Many have survived as Creole: Gullah on the Sea Islands of South Carolina. The English of blacks from the Antilles, and Suriname Sranantongo in all these based on English. The French-based pidgin area Louisiana, Haiti and the Lesser Antilles. In the area of ​​Papiamento of Curaçao, is an abandonment of pidgin Spanish and Portuguese. The first contacts between the conquerors and the natives led to the formation of pidgin languages ​​in Australia and New Zealand, while the Pidgin English of the South Seas in the area grew whaling, trade and labor recruitment natively. The Pidgin English is extinct in New Zealand and the islands Carolina and is dying in Australia, but still flourishes in Melanesia and reached creolized in Hawaii. A variety of Rabaul on New Britain area, has come to spread and be the essential lingua franca of Papua New Guinea because of the official ban on its use under the German government (1884-1914) and later with the Australian government. Pidgin languages ​​arise from the initial contact and imitative between speakers of different languages, when a quick understanding is more important and more valuable than grammatical correctness or the exact meaning of words.

As more contacts, usually a group learns the language of another superior, and pidgin languages ​​survive the initial contact stage only in special circumstances. Pidgin languages ​​persist where a dominant group sees another child or just as capable of a superior version of a language, as in the relations between Europeans and American Indians in the colonies of West Africa and the natives of the Seas South. On plantations and in other situations where the European gentlemen were in constant contact with workers or native slaves, serving as a pidgin language category, and New Guinea. The distinction of caste, however, is not a necessary function of a pidgin, Russonorsk, for example, was a small language used by the Russians and Norwegians in the Arctic in the early twentieth century. The 'Pidgin English' Chinese survived for three centuries and was used not only in the master-servant, even among English merchants and Chinese dignitaries, first because each side wanted to put one up to the other. The slaves on the plantations of the Caribbean, the native peoples of New Guinea in multilingual founded in recent years and others who have lived together with any other language in common but a pidgin, have used this as the common language of the group.

In such cases the resulting creole has increased its loan structure and vocabulary of the language of a dominant cultural group: the Haitian Creole of French, Dutch and Papiamento Sranantongo and Melanesian Pidgin English. Checker? A

Among the illiterate people, a pidgin language is a means purely oral communication are also Creoles in its early stages. Only later, and generally in connection with the missionaries programs or other educational programs are creating systems designed for pidgins and Creoles. Speakers of European languages ​​have often applied the spelling conventions of their own languages. Such words carry an implicit inconsistency of English spelling and is therefore difficult to learn, it deforms the structure of pidgin and confirms the European or American naïve belief that one is just a ridiculous pidgin English reduction. Those who have developed to facilitate learning spellings, to give accuracy in representing linguistic structure and emphasis on language-independent level, have used systems based on phonetics. The most effective spellings such letters available using typewriters or printers preferably. Phonological? A simplification that characterizes the pidgin extends to all aspects of language structure (sounds, shapes, and structures) as well as vocabulary. In some varieties the accent is on the first syllable. A minimum of five vowel distinctions are what they were in Latin and Italian aeiou.

The vowel sounds combined together to form the diphthongs: ai ou au-ei. Referring to the TAU English consonants has been replaced by a T, sometimes replacing f by p and s by ch. Pidgin speakers usually develop habits of production of words of their native languages. Morphological? A grammatical categories as number, case, gender, person. Tense. Mode, and voice are almost absent from pidgin and creole languages, as many other world languages. Pidgin is a language not only devoid of grammar, as said many times. The Melanesian Pidgin has three inflected parts of speech such as pronouns, adjectives and verbs. Other parts of speech such as names, propositions, adverbs and conjunctions are unchanged but are distinguished by the types of combination in which they appear. In other varieties of Pidgin English, specific criteria to distinguish the kinds of linguistic forms are different but the basic structure is similar. SYNTAX The basic types of combination in phrases and clauses found in pidgin are the same as what is in English, again many details of syntax are different.

GLOSSARY Since the vocabulary is limited (about 700 words in Chinese pidgin, 2000 in Melanesian), each word is necessarily a field of wider significance than it would in English. Also for many concepts used pidgin phrases rather than individual words. The meanings of words nonnative pidgin often reflect the social structure of the natives. English speakers are often surprised when other changes of meaning. NO ENGLISH VOCABULARY The proportion of elements in the pidgin English derived from non-English sources is small, approximately 2000 words in Melanesian pidgin, no more than 10% are of English origin. Of these, perhaps half are Melanesian and fourth are loans from German, there is a rest of several languages: Malay, and there are three other sources romances. The percentage of non-pidgin English in China is even lower. RESTRUCTURING In the reduction of pidgin English to the main grammatical features have been maintained as part of the system, the dichotomy between subject and predicate (the use of phrases that function as individual parts of speech) but often with characteristics that are regardless identifiable. The various kinds of pidgin English and English are Indo-Europeans finally, not as often say spoken native languages ​​with English words, a more sophisticated version of this theory is that the indigenous vocabulary is simply replaced with new words with greater flexibility, with grammatical habits Indians continue.

However, when new functional elements, pronouns, suffixes, inflections, syntactic patterns) are also assumed, the process is the complete replacement of language, involving the substitution of grammatical structure (regramaticalización) as well. While there is often influenced by models of structures that are not English because speakers of native languages ​​have translated their own constructions to pidgin, especially in the earliest stages of formation. MODERNIZATION OF THESE LANGUAGES With the advent of modern civilization and technology to New Guinea and similar areas, the pidgin has become indispensable in education and in political life. Opposition to pidgin at first, partly based on anti-colonialist tendencies purists, has proven to be unfounded, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands and many parts of? West Africa, is a pidgin language level, or imposed on the people by white settlers, but is its own lingua franca of the people essential for communication and easier to learn than English, which is both more complicated and foreign to them. If used properly, the pidgin may serve both as a medium of instruction and as a bridge to English.

In any case, is clearly destined to remain as a lingua franca increasingly useful, and evidence of extensive overt and resulting creollización tenure as the native language of even larger groups. There are three areas of Mesoamerica where the mixture of English with the native language is very important, these areas are the Mosquito Coast, Rama Cay and Belize. MOSQUITO COAST The Mosquito Coast includes the northeast coast of Honduras and the eastern coast of Nicaragua, in these two areas of the Spanish-speaking countries, the English-based Creole serves as a lingua franca among various ethnic groups. The African Mosquito Indians are the main inhabitants of the area of ​​Honduras, but due to recent population movements because of the fighting, no figures are available on the number of inhabitants of this region. The Mosquito Coast of Nicaragua has a population of 118,000 inhabitants, consisting of 57% of mosquitoes, 22% Creoles (African-European) 15% of Ladino (Spanish-speaking mestizos), 4% Sumu (Amerindian) 1% Garifuna ( Afro-Indians) and 0.5% Rama (Amerindian) and a 0.5% Chinese and other foreigners. The Indian Creole is the main language of the Creoles and the majority of the Garifuna and Rama, is the second language of most of the 'mosquito' and some 'ladinos'.

The western part of Honduras and Nicaragua were originally inhabited by the Mayans and Aztecs then joined by groups from the North who cultivated the fertile soil. Tropical forests were populated eastern hunters Macrochibcha speaking languages ​​of northern South America. The Spanish conquest of the area in 1520 established his domination of the western part of Central America, but there was little that would appeal to the east, the British settlement on the island of Providence in 1613 led to the contact, which was well received by the natives of the coastal areas, and strengthened the alliance of both and the British against the Spanish who had actually enslaved the western tribes. Providence in the fall of 1641 seems likely to have brought a large number of slaves fled to the continent, they intermarried with the Indians who continued to negotiate with the English who remained along the Caribbean coast. As the English buccaneers became more powerful in this region in the late seventeenth century, continued their partnership by taking African-Indian men with them on expeditions to work as a harpoon to help feed their crews.

The custom of the pirates could lead to indigenous women in informal marital arrangements in exchange for metal tools and weapons while anchored in the bays were hiding from the Spanish, whose ships were attacked by gold and silver. Thus a new ethnic group appeared, the mosquito, whose political and family ties to the British increased their power along the coast by the Spanish hatred. In 1687 the mosquito head was taken to Jamaica where he reaffirmed his aide to the British and was crowned king Jeremy I. In 1707 it was observed that the mosquitoes did not allow any other nation be established, except the English ... Men usually spoke broken English 'Broken Español'. During the early eighteenth century English buccaneers in the mosquito coast were replaced by English merchants, sailors and plantation landowners who brought African slaves to Jamaica. English spoken by mosquitoes pignizado influenced African Creole English and English Creole influence of the British regional set. In 1740 the British organized the area they called the Mosquito Coast, making it a protectorate with a superintendent sent from Jamaica.

In a census taken in 1757, l was non-indigenous population of 1,124 inhabitants, of whom 14% were white, 15% were mestizos and 71% were slaves. It was felt that the mosquitoes were about 7,000. in 1768 a Spanish military victory forced England to evacuate all those who were there established on the coast. Most went to Belize, but a significant number of natives remained. The Spanish attempts to settle in this area failed after 1821, when Central America became independent, the British in Belize sought to reestablish a protectorate of the Mosquito Coast. However, because of his interest in the area as a possible site for a canal across the isthmus, the Americans forced a treaty on the British and mosquitoes in 1860 giving authority to Nicaragua on foreign affairs of the reserve of the Mosquito, whose king was converted in-chief. With businessmen and foreign Creole all real power sharing, companies began North American banana plantations and rubber, and wood in the late nineteenth century, strengthening the position of English on the coast. Forcibly Nicaragua incorporated the Mosquito Coast in 1894, taking power in its internal affairs and foreign companies leaving their peace.

The increase in Spanish-speaking immigration and forced Hispanization of schools and other cultural institutions left the bitter Creole with a reduced level, but have gradually resigned to be a part of the Spanish speaking community in Central America more a community that English speaking Caribbean. The incessant bilingualism among the natives has been what has led not only by the need to know Spanish to succeed in the professional and educational advancement, but also by the existence of a considerable colony of natives in Managua, the capital of Spanish-speaking. Bluefields Creole remains the unofficial capital, but their proportion of Spanish speakers increased by refugees fleeing the violence in the West during the 1979 revolution that ended the Somoza dictatorship and brought the Sandinistas to power. There are other Creole communities that have between one and two thousand inhabitants each, in Pearl Lagoon and Corn Island, as well as many other mosquito-speaking communities in Prinzapolka and Puerto Cabezas, native speakers also include the Caribbean Garifuna or Black Orinoco Pearl Lagoon and Rama Cay Rama in Bluefields Lagoon.

The Creole English of the Mosquito Coast includes words that are mosquito loans, especially terms for flora and fauna, including more than Spanish, particularly words connected with government, education and modern life in general, bilingualism is the constant also beginning to affect the syntax, in which the Spanish constructions can be borrowed word for word. Example of English Creole Mosquito Coast Wen i pik it naw i op kin not we a of, i tel me wen i lay da kom iyvnin naw i sey 'mama', i sey 'to an neva did tayad kom' a Saay 'lay dam yu, yu Siy woe? My dingkin Yu, das not my wahn wai yu Sun already. ' When I starts up now He Does not eat Where I am I have tells me lies When I eat now in the evening I says I says ma'am I Did not Come ant tired and damn liar i say you see your eye That's ant dirnking neg why ant you to come here ewant KEY BRANCH Key Branch is a very small island a mile across the lake Bluefields on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, is inhabited by several hundred Indians ascentral Rama whose language has been almost completely replaced for a variety of different Creole English spoken by the Creoles of African Europeans in the nearby town of Bluefields.

The distinct history and development of two linguistic varieties coupled with the nature of contact between the speaker communities have led to differences in all language levels that somehow impede mutual understanding. The 'branch' appear to be the remnant of a macro-Chibcha-speaking group that once occupied a larger area but was decimated and displaced during the contact with Spanish, English and mosquito. It seems possible that their ancestors inhabited the area around the river l San> Juan to the south, which today forms the border with const Rica, but most of the group lived in Key Rama from the late eighteenth century. Were subjected by the mosquito who are taxed or sold into slavery in the mid-nineteenth century missionaries found allies in two Moravians, a husband and wife who came to live in his spins to convert them, as they were so few in number and men already knew some English trade in Bluefields, the couple decided not to learn Germanic speaker Ramam but teaching the gospel in English. The king mosquito, a convert did not allow his men attacked Rama Cay and the missionary couple became virtual rulers.

Its inhabitants all became and adopted a modified form of both the culture and the language of the missionaries. In 1869 one observer said that all children were taught Rama English as their mother tongue, but the teachers, who were Germans did not have English as mother tongue but who had learned. Fifty years later an anthropologist Germanic speaker said that half of the island's population spoke only English but with some strange intonation and pronunciation that resembled the English spoken by the Germans as a second language. Today all the people of Rama Cay Creole speaks only English but there remains some dozens of Rama who live within 30 miles across the continent who speak Rama. Both the European African Creole in Bluefields and Rama Cay Creole Rama in recognizing the differences between the two varieties of Creole English, the latter criticize Branch continent continent speak Creole as a second language instead of Rama Cay Creole . Whatever the effect of German, Rama Cay Creole seems to represent an archaic form of Creole Continental recriollizado has been under the influence of the ancestral language of Rama.

Although this language has been inadequately studied and is now close to extinction, certain characteristics can be defined as native / r / that is opposed to the continental pronunciation is more like that of North America. The lexicon also contains characteristics of Rama while semantic extensions of Creole folk etymologies of the continent. There are other differences in the syntactic level, including certain uses of proverbial time and aspect markers, and use of relevant left before verb phrases. example of Rama Cay Creole English. Elba di piknini get sik agin. I have hu wid ownli dawn to sit ina hamahk an op am an bika howl mi mi hu owiga of Gahn fay of an ... Brother tink wan ay far a. Tortiya a. Bay owlga i beg bayle we kahti far Gahn a, meybi, or wa-da. Elba again have the sick child to sit down she have him in hammock Only with him and hold up and for me Because I Was There Went find Olga and fried the tortilla I think for her at her place Olga WAS Asked Probably she go make coffee for maybe her or whatever.

BELIZE Belize also called British Honduras until 1973 is located just south of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico on the Caribbean coast of Central America with a population of 158,000 inhabitants in 1984, Belize is the only Central American country whose official language is Creole English is spoken as first language by 31% Afro-European creole population and as a second language by Spanish-speaking mestizo 33%, Amerindian 19% speakers of Mayan, Garifuna speakers of black Caribbean 1%, the inhabitants of Belize descendants 2% of Asian Indians speak Creole as their first language, In 1550 the Spanish began to exploit the growing timber forests in the Yucatan Peninsula on the west coast especially in the Gulf of Campeche, although the British began exploring this area in the last years of the sixteenth and late seventeenth century, it was not until after they conquered Jamaica in 1655 that they found in Europe and the exploitation of wood as a source for dyeing wool. British timber companies settled along the coast of the peninsula in 1670, but were not recognized either by the Spanish or the British.

Before 1705 the port that is now Belize City was being used as the main timber port, but finally the men of the bay, in the Bay of Honduras were led by the Spanish in 1730 and again in 1754. Both times they withdrew to join the men of the coast in the Mosquito Coast and settling in the Black River, now Rio Tinto, on the northern coast of what is now Honduras. This became the capital of the protectorate of the Mosquito Coast from 1740 until the British were forced to evacuate after the military defeat by the Spanish in 1768.





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